Artificial Intelligence and Business Management

Preface

PART I: INTRODUCTION
1 Artificial Intelligence: What Is It? 
Is There a Definition of AI? 
Can Computers Think? 
Can Computers Learn? 
The Samuel Phenomenon 
Humans Versus Computers 
Goals of AI 
Subdisciplines of AI 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
2 Problem Solving and AI 
The Nature of AI Problems 
Types of Problem Solving 
The Heuristic Programming Approach 
Decision Trees 
Decision Tables and Production Rules 
Advantages of Decision Tables 
AI in Problem Solving 
Pattern Recognition 
Language Procesing
Voice P1·ocessing
Image Processing
Expert Systems
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography

PART II: APPLICATIONS OF AI
3 Natural-Language Processing
Natural Languages
What Mode of Natural Language
The Goals of NP
Natural Language: The Essential Ingredients
Generation and Analysis
Text Understanding Systems
Syntax, Grammars, and Parsing
Grammars
Transformational Grammars
Transition Networks, Augmented and Recursive
Unification and the New Grammatism
Semantic Definite Clause Grammars (SDCG)
Semantics
The Case of the Missing-Blocks World
Shrdlu and a "Sorry" Story
Semantic Processing without Parsing?
Scripted NLU and Its Dependencies
The Conceptual Dependency Notation
Giving Semantics Preferential Treatment
Text Generation Systems
Empirical Guidance for NLG
Machine Translation
Natural Language for Programming
Communicating Without Programming
Terminal-Interactive Languages
Query Languages
Fourth-Generation Languages
Commercial Products
Natural Language Interfaces (NLI)
Applications in Business
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
4 Voice Processing 
The Elements of Speech 
Pattern Recognition 
Speech Understanding 
Speech Generation 
Commercial Products 
Applications in Business 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
5 Image Processing 
The Basic Image Data 
Image Processing as Pattern Recognition 
Scene Understanding 
Optical Character Recognition 
OCR: The Input Data
Images as Graphic Input 
Images as Graphic Output 
Applications in Industry
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
6 Intelligent Robots 
Applications of Robots 
Why Robots? 
Classification of Robots 
Intelligent Robots 
Components of an Intelligent Robot 
Sensors and Sensing 
Future Robots 
Control 
Social Implications of Intelligent Robots 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
PART III: EXPERT SYSTEMS
7 Introduction and Overview 
What is an Expert System? 
Components of an Expert System 
The MYCIN Example
Types of Expert Systems
Characteristics of Expert Systems
The Knowledge Base
The Inference Engine
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography
8 Development of an Expert System
Experts as Sources of Knowledge
Development Interface
User Interface
Development of an Expert System
Design
Implementation
Testing
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography
9 Knowledge Engineering Tools and Expert Systems Summary 
Shells
ES Programming Languages
OPS5 and the Production-System Architecture
Shells and Expert Systems
MYCIN and EMYCIN
Modes and Applications of Expert Systems
Advantages and Limitations of Expert Systems
Expert Systems versus Traditional Systems
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Selected Annotated Bibliography
10 Programming for AI
The Role of Representations in Problem Solving
How Languages Affect Solutions
Overcoming the Limitations of Languages
Symbolic Programming
LISP
Flexibility
The Magic of Recursion
Code-Data Equivalence
The Special Assignment
PROLOG 
The Independence of Declaration 
Loss of Control: Good or Bad? 
Extra Logical Pollutants 
Negation as Failure 
Verify or Compute
Bi directionality
Pattern Matching
The Promises of PROLOG
Parallelism 
A Specification Language
Heuristic Controls 
Object-Oriented Programming 
Programming Environments 
LISP Environments 
Loops 
POPLOG 
Summary 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
11 Technology 
Processors 
LISP Machines 
Super Computers
Parallel Processing 
Intelligent Workstations 
Intelligent PCs 
Intelligent Databases
Automated Programming 
Computers That Learn 
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
12 People 
Knowledge Engineers 
AI-Related Personnel 
AI Personnel 
Are AI and Computer Personnel Different? 
Organizational Alternatives 
Training and Education of People 
Computer Literacy 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography
PART IV: IMPLICATIONS OF AI
13 Impact on Decision Making 
AI and ES in a DSS 
ES and DSS 
Strategies for AI in a DSS 
As Separate Entities 
An ES as a Separate Entity 
Integration 
Changes in Decision-Making Style 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
14 Micro Impact on Organizations 
Levels of Organizations Affected 
Knowledge Worker 
Management of Knowledge-Based Organization 
Role, Relevance, and Impact of Knowledge-Based Organization 
Impact of an Intelligent Computer 
Summary 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
15 Macro Impact on Society
Impact on Income 
Impact on Unemployment 
A Leisure Society? 
Work in an Information Age? 
New Values in the Workplace 
The Computer's Image and the Human's Viewpoint 
The Impacts of Intelligent Computers 
The Threats of Artificial Intelligence 
Paradise Regained? 
The Customization of Mass Production 
Man's Reflection in the Computational Metaphor 
Directions of AI 
The Weizenbaum Debate 
The Dreyfus Case 
The Winograd and Flores Debate 
The Future and the Fifth Generation 
Review and Discussion Questions 
Selected Annotated Bibliography 
AUTHOR INDEX 
SUBJECT INDEX